To have
To have — inflexiones
Forma base = to have
Forma presente = have/has
Forma pasada = had
Participio presente = having
Participio pasado = had
Se usa to have para hacer todas las formas del tiempo perfecto
Se utiliza para formar lo que llamamos tiempos “perfectos” en inglés. Las formas del tiempo perfecto:
El presente perfecto
(Have/has + participio pasado).
- He has been to the mall.
- I haven’t seen her for ages.
- David has left for France.
El pasado perfecto
(Had + participio pasado).
- She had left the office before 18:00.
- Had you taken your books to work yesterday before arriving?
- They had been in traffic for ten hours before they managed to arrive home.
El presente perfecto continuo
(Have/has + been + verbo + –ing).
- She’s been speaking to me for an hour on the phone. I’m exhausted…
- How long have you been living in the United States for?
- I’ve been speaking French my whole life.
El pasado perfecto continuo
(Had + been + verbo + -ing).
- We had been driving for fifteen hours straight last week.
- Had you been emailing her when I saw you on Tuesday?
- My friends at school had been acting quite rude when I saw them last week.
El futuro perfecto
(Will/shall + have + participio pasado).
- My aunty shall have arrived at the airport at five o’clock tonight.
- The won’t have spoken a word of English when they wake up tonight.
- When I get to the city centre I’ll have run out of petrol.
El futuro perfecto continuo
(Will/shall + have + been + verbo + -ing).
- Will we have been sleeping for thirteen hours by the time we get to Sydney?
- I shall have been living in Scotland for eight years by 2025.
- He’ll have been talking on his phone for nearly three hours by the time we finally get to our destination.
Presente perfecto | (have/has + participio pasado) | Sophie has slept well. I’ve worked today. |
Pasado perfecto | (had + participio pasado) | James had left the office before his boss arrived. We hadn’t seen them before Friday. |
Presente perfecto continuo | (have/has + been + verbo + –ing) | They’ve been working on their project for three years now. Katie and Lewis have been studying hard for their exam this week. |
Pasado perfecto continuo | (had + been + verbo + –ing) | I hadn’t been working last night before you saw me. I hope she had been messaging me before I called her. |
Futuro perfecto | (will + have + participio pasado) | I won’t have been to the city centre before the end of this year. William will have travelled to Barcelona by the end of this year. |
Futuro perfecto continuo | (will + have + been + verbo + –ing) | We’ll have been living in San Diego for eight years by next year. I’ll have been living in Japan for one whole year by the end of December. |
To have se usa para mostrar posesión de objetos, relaciones, estados etc.
Se usa para indicar la posesión de cosas, personas y relaciones.
- I have a friend who lives in Spain.
- She has a new car.
- She has a girlfriend.
To have se usa para hablar sobre las experiencias y acciones
- The lady is having a beer with us tonight.
- They’re having a shower now.
- He has a lot of work to do.
Se usa con ‘to + infinitivo’ para expresar una obligación
- James has to clean the garage by 18h tonight.
- Maria has to learn English.
- He still has to learn a lot.
¿Have o have got?
- Have + got = inglés americano
- Have = inglés británico
Nótese que, no usamos ‘to do’ en preguntas y negaciones con ‘got’, el pretérito simple y participio de ‘get’
- She has got herself a brand-new house.
- Today I‘ve got an appointment with him.
- I‘ve got three new toys.
“Do have” vs. “have got”
Para hacer preguntas con el verbo ‘to have’, es correcto usar tanto ‘do’ (+ sujeto) + have o la otra forma ‘have (+sujeto) + got’.
La connotación de la forma elegida puede, no obstante, cambiar con el dialecto.
- Do you have band practice on Tuesday nights?
- Has she got a big house?
Mientras que en el inglés americano, solo la forma ‘do have’ se usa en ambos significados.
No obstante, en el inglés británico actual, se usa cada vez más a menudo ‘have got’ a causa de la gran influencia del inglés americano.
Ver también
Verbos auxiliares:
Verbos modales:
Gramática avanzada:
- Artículos (a/an, the, zero artículo)
- Pronombres: sujeto, objeto y posessivo
- Coletillas interrogativas
- Condicionales en inglés
- Palabras interrogativas
- Determinantes
- Verbos compuestos / phrasal verbs
- Prefijos y sufijos
- Discurso indirecto y directo
- Números: cardinal, ordinal, y números romanos
- El verbo: «get»
- Get vs. go + got vs. gotten
- Verbos copulativos
- Oración escindida
- Subjuntivo en inglés
- El inglés vulgar: tabú y jerga
- Elipsis
- Infinitivo partido
- Énfasis con inversión
- Los gerundios (verbo + ing)
- El «to + infinitivo»
- El infinitivo solo
- Diferencias de deletreo americano y británico